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Supportive housing is a combination of housing and services intended as a cost-effective way to help people live more stable, productive lives, and is an active "community services and funding" stream across the United States. Supportive housing is widely believed to work well for those who face the most complex challenges—individuals and families confronted with homelessness and who also have very low incomes and/or serious, persistent issues that may include addiction or alcoholism, mental health, HIV/AIDS, diverse disabilities (e.g., intellectual disabilities, mobility or sensory impairments) or other serious challenges to a successful life.〔"Public Housing Authorities: helping to end homelessness through permanent supportive housing, Journal of Housing & Community Development March/April 2008 p18.〕 Supportive housing can be coupled with such social services as job training, life skills training, alcohol and drug abuse programs, community support services (e.g., child care, educational programs, coffee claches), and case management to populations in need of assistance.〔Cohen, M.D. & Somers, S. (1990, April). Supported housing: Insights from the Robert Wood Johnson program on chronic mental illness. "Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal", 13(4): 43-51.〕 Supportive housing is intended to be a pragmatic solution that helps people have better lives while reducing, to the extent feasible, the overall cost of care. As community housing, supportive housing can be developed as mixed income, scattered site housing not only through the traditional route of low income and building complexes.〔"Journal of Housing & Community Development", March/April 2008 p18-21〕 Supportive/ed housing has been widely researched in the field of psychiatric disabilities and rehabilitation,〔Rogers, E.S., Farkas, M., Anthony, W., Kash, M., Harding, O., Olschewski, A. (nd, @2009). "Systematic Review of Supported Housing Literature 1993-2008." Boston, MA: Boston University Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation>〕 based in part on housing and support principles from studies of leading community integration organizations nationally 〔Racino, J. (1991). Organizations in community living: Supporting people with disabilities. "Journal of Mental Health Administration", 18(1), 51-59.〕 In addition, supportive/ed housing has been tied to national initiatives in supportive/ed living (usually developmental and intellectual disabilities)〔Taylor, S. (1987). "A Policy Analysis of the Supported Housing Demonstration in Pittsburgh, PA." Syracuse, NY: Center on Human Policy, Community Integration Project, Syracuse University.〕 to cross-disability transfer 〔Shoultz, B. (1988). My home not theirs: Promising approaches in mental health and developmental disabilities. In: Friedman, S.J. & Terkelson, K.G., "Issues in Community Mental Health: Housing". Canton, MA: PRODIST.〕 and to national and international efforts on developing homes of one's own.〔Fitton, P. & Willson, J. (1995). A home of their own: Achieving supported housing. In: T. Philpot & L. Ward (Eds.), "Values and Visions: Changing Ideas in Services for People with Learning Difficulties." Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, Ltd.〕 Supported housing in the field of mental health is considered to be a critical component of a community support system which may involve supported education,〔Housel, D. & Hickey, J. S. (1993, July). Supported eduction in a community college for students with psychiatric disabilities: The Houston College Model. "Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal", 17(3):41-50.〕 supported or transitional employment,〔Collignon, F.C. , Noble, J. H., & Toms-Barker, L. (1987, October). Early lessons from the Marion County demonstration in integrating vocational and mental health services. "Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal", XI(2): 76-86〕 case management services,〔Stroul, B. (1989, January). Community support systems for persons with long-term mental illness: A conceptual framework. "Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal", 12(3): 9-26.〕 clubhouses,〔Propst, R. (1992, October). Standards for clubhouses: Why and how they were developed. Special Issue: Clubhouse Model. "Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal", 16(2): 25-30.〕 supported recreation 〔Pyke, J. & Atcheson, V. (1993, October). Social recreation services: Issues from a case management perspective. "Psychosocial Rehabilitation", 17(2): 121-130.〕 and involvement of family and friends often translated into psychoeducational programs.〔Ryglewicz, H. (1991, October). Psychoeduction for clients and families: A way in, out, and through in working with people with dual disorders. "Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal", 15(2): 79-91.〕 As a widely supported means to address homelessness (i.e., lack of a place to live or adequate housing), supportive housing seeks to address two key problems: * Without housing, there is at best a highly problematic basis from which to mitigate the factors which lead to homelessness (e.g., lack of adequate income)and expensive problems which burden social service systems. * Without supportive services, the tenant is likely to regress (have a difficult time) for the reasons that are presumed by service providers and government to lead to their loss of housing in the first place. In the capacity building context, support services can be integral to maintaining the housing, the tenant or cooperative relationships, the financial and economic security, the contribution to the family and neighborhoods, and the growth opportunities to return to a valued life situation. Supportive housing encompasses a range of approaches including single sites (housing developments or apartment buildings in which units are designated as supportive housing) or scattered site programs in which participants often use rent subsidies to obtain housing from private landlord and supportive services may be provided through home visits. Services in supportive housing are flexible and primarily focused on the outcome of housing stability. New approaches to supportive/ed housing include explorations of home ownership for people with disabilities, and a range of diverse consumer-directed, personal assistance and community support services focused on community integration and support.〔Racino, J. (1999). "Policy, Program Evaluation and Research in Disability: Community Support for All". London: Haworth Press.〕 Most common, however, with collaborations involving state, federal and local governments and non-profit sectors are congregate housing programs with service enhancements and increasing choices. From 2002 to 2007, an estimated 65,000 to 72,000 units of supportive housing were created in the United States. This represents about half the supply of supported housing units. Of the new units added, about half were targeted towards chronically homeless individuals, and one-fifth were for homeless families.〔(Chronic Homelessness Briefing Paper ), United States Interagency Council on Homelessness〕 Although of the shelter population (probably by design), the majority remain as single, adult males of minority groups (approximately 65%), 38% were between 31 to 50 years old, and 38% had a disability; the rest were homeless families with a high concentration (likely due to high housing costs)in the states of California, New York and Florida.〔US Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2009). "The 2009 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress." Washington, DC: Author.〕 ==Populations served== Sponsors of supportive housing projects generally aim to serve a specific population; the characteristics of those served and the housing program range widely:〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.csh.org/ )〕 However, supporters of regular housing and support services in the community suggest choice based on other personal, social, and situational factors than specific population basis (e.g., choice of roommates or housemates, neighborhoods they live in).〔Racino, J., Walker, P., O'Connor, S., & Taylor, S. (1993). "Housing, Support and Community: Choices and Strategies for Adults with Disabilities". Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.〕 Targeted population groups (homeless initiatives) include: * Adolescents (including those in foster care or aging-out of foster care) * Elders (those who choose or require supportive services in a regular housing environment) * Single-parent households * Nuclear families (and multi-generational * households) * Mental health clients/residents who have been diagnosed with a mental illness such as depression, schizophrenia disorders, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, or dementia * People with multiple needs, including medical ones (including people who have HIV/AIDS, alcoholism, addictions, or other chronically illnesses) * Foster homes (including the need for adult and children models) * Maternity homes (e.g., use of midwives) * People maturing out of transitional housing (recovery homes and halfway houses). Today, important new populations for supported housing in regular neighborhoods include working families, especially those with high proportional housing costs, older adults who need intensive (enriched) services to avoid nursing home placements, and people who need places to live due to the closure of the old style, institutional psychiatric care. Increasingly, supportive/ed housing may be required as unemployment increases, for newly emerging groups such as newly legalized gay and lesbian partners, multi-generational immigrant groups in the new multicultural world, and for those adolescents aging out of their parents' homes to new community options. One of the 2000s textbooks on Supported/ive Housing is a report on state projects in the US for older adults which includes use of the home and community-based (HCBS) waiver, efforts to reform more than 43 congregate residential categories in states, use of housing subsidies for low income persons, assisted living options, "comprehensive case/care management", and technical area such as "at-risk" housing and non-profit development (Pynoos et al., 2004).〔Pynoos, J., Hollander-Feldman, P.,& Ahrens, J. (2004). "Linking Housing and Services for Older Adults: Obstacles, Options and Opportunities." Binghamton, NY and London: The Haworth Press.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「supportive housing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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